Agrivoltaic System: Estimation of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Under Solar Panels Based on Solar Irradiation Data Using All-Climate Solar Spectrum Model

This study focused on the photosynthetic photon flux density and employed an all-climate solar spectrum model to calculate the photosynthetic photon flux density accurately on farmland partially shaded by solar panels and supporting tubes. The researchers also described an algorithm for estimating the photosynthetic photon flux density values under solar panels, which were then validated using photosynthetic photon flux density sensors. The calculation formula enables farmers to evaluate the economic efficiency of a system before introducing it.